Objectives:
Upon completion of this lesson, the student will:
•	Be able to describe the navigation systems and their operating characteristics, including:
•	VHF Omnirange (VOR)
•	Distance Measuring Equipment (DME)
•	Instrument Landing System (ILS)
•	Marker Beacon Receiver and Indicators
•	Transponder and Altitude encoding
•	Automatic Direction Finder (ADF)
•	Global Positioning System (GPS)
Elements:
•	Use, operation and limitations of electronic navigation equipment
•	Preflight procedures related to electronic navigation instruments
•	Maintenance requirements for electronic navigation instruments
Schedule:
•	Pre-lesson briefing								00:05
•	VHF Omnirange (VOR)								00:10
•	Distance Measuring Equipment (DME)						00:05
•	Instrument Landing System (ILS)							00:10
•	Marker Beacon Receiver and Indicators						00:05
•	Transponder and Altitude encoding						00:05
•	Automatic Direction Finder (ADF)						00:05
•	Global Positioning System (GPS)						00:10
•	Review of lessons learned/questions and answers				00:10
Total:	01:05
Equipment:
•	Cockpit wall poster showing flight instruments.
•	Actual instruments removed from airplane if possible.
•	POH and/or Flight Manual for the airplane.
•	Appropriate manuals for GPS.
Instructor Actions:
1.	Pre-lesson briefing
•	Present lesson objective and outline of the lesson.
2.	VHF Omnirange (VOR)
•	Explain operation of transmitting station, including mores code identification and out-of-service indications.
•	Explain use of the OBS.
•	How to set the OBS for a to or from indication.
•	How to determine which radial you are on.
•	Reverse sensing.
•	Maintenance requirements; VOR check every 30 days.
•	VOT.
•	Ground check from operating VOR.
•	Single VOR airborne check.
•	Dual VOR airborne check.
3.	Distance Measuring Equipment (DME)
•	Explain operation of ground based equipment.
•	Explain slant range errors
•	Discuss coded identification.
4.	Instrument Landing System (ILS)
•	Discuss theory of operation
•	Localizer signal; course width; distances from centerline
•	Glideslope signal, distances above or below glideslope
•	Discuss how to set the OBS.
•	Other ILS components (markers, LOM, approach lights)
•	Discuss back-course operations
5.	Marker Beacon Receiver and Indicators.
•	Discuss theory of operation
•	Describe audible and visual indications
•	Outer marker; series of dashes; blue light
•	Middle marker; dashes and dots; amber light
•	Inner marker; steady dashes; white light
6.	Transponder and Altitude encoding
•	Discuss theory of operation
•	Special codes (7500, 7600, 7700)
7.	Automatic Direction Finder (ADF)
•	Discuss theory of operation
•	Limitations (signal interference)
•	Use as a standalone approach aid
•	Use in conjunction with ILS or Localizer approach
•	Determining bearing to or from the station (Magnetic Heading + Relative Bearing = Bearing to the station)
8.	Global Positioning System (GPS)
•	Describe theory of operation
•	Limitations
•	Use as a substitute for DME or NDB
•	Maintenance (up-to-date database)
•	Legality of use without an up-to-date database
•	RAIM (Receiver Automatic Integrity Monitor)
9.	Post Lesson Debriefing
•	Review the material covered in the class
•	Answer student questions.
•	Ask student questions to evaluate what was learned.
•	Explain what will be covered in the next lesson and assign reading material.
Student Actions:
1.	Pre-lesson briefing
•	Ask for clarification of the lesson objective and outline if necessary.
2.	Instrument explanations
•	Listen attentively.
•	Ask questions.
3.	Post Lesson Debriefing
•	Ask for clarification of anything that is not fully understood.
•	Answer instructors questions to evaluate what was learned.
•	Ask any questions pertaining to the next lesson.
Completion Standards:
This lesson will be completed when the student is able to describe the operation, limitations and use of the electronic navigation instruments.
Common Errors:
•	None.
References:
•	Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge (AC-61-23C); Chapter 8
•	Airplane Flying Handbook (FAA-H-8083-3); Chapter 11
•	Instrument Flying Handbook (AC 61-27C); Chapter IV
•	Instrument PTS Area of Operation II, Task B.
Possible Review Questions: