Objectives:
Upon completion of this lesson, the student will:
•	Be able to describe the flight instrument system(s) and their operating characteristics, including:
•	Pitot-static system
•	Altimeter
•	Airspeed Indicator
•	Vertical Speed Indicator
•	Attitude Indicator
•	Horizontal Situation Indicator
•	Magnetic Compass
•	Turn and slip indicator/Turn Coordinator
•	Heading Indicator
•	Tachometer and Manifold Pressure Gauge	
Elements:
•	Instrument groupings – Pitch, Bank and Power
•	Gyroscopic principles
•	Instrument operation and limitations
•	Preflight procedures related to flight instruments
Schedule:
•	Pre-lesson briefing								00:05
•	Pitot-Static System Overview							00:05
•	Pitot-Static Instruments								00:10
•	Altimeter
•	Vertical Speed Indicator
•	Airspeed Indicator
•	Vacuum System Overview							00:05
•	Vacuum System Instruments							00:10
•	Attitude Indicator
•	Heading Indicator
•	Gyroscopic Principles
•	Magnetic Compass								00:10
•	Theory of operation
•	Magnetic dip
•	Compass errors
•	Timed compass turns
•	Turn and Slip Indicator/Turn Coordinator						00:05
•	Horizontal Situation Indicator							00:05
•	Tachometer and Manifold Pressure						00:05
•	Instrument Groupings								00:10
•	Pitch
•	Bank
•	Power
•	Review of lessons learned/questions and answers				00:10
Total:	01:20
Equipment:
•	Cockpit wall poster showing flight instruments.
•	Actual instruments removed from airplane if possible.
•	POH and/or Flight Manual for the airplane.
•	Toy Gyroscope.
Instructor Actions:
1.	Pre-lesson briefing
•	Present lesson objective and outline of the lesson.
2.	Pitot-Static System
•	Provide overview of the Pitot-Static system; use diagrams from the POH for the airplane being used.
•	Describe the operation and limitations of:
•	The altimeter.
•	The Vertical Speed Indicator.
•	The Airspeed Indicator.
•	Discuss failure possibilities due to icing of the pitot tube, static port or both.
•	Discuss instrument errors using backup static source.
•	Discuss pre-flight checks and maintenance requirements (check every 24 months).
3.	Vacuum System
•	Provide overview of the vacuum system.
•	Explain gyroscopic principles (use toy gyroscope to demonstrate)
•	Describe the operation and limitations of.
•	The Attitude Indicator
•	The Heading Indicator
•	Discuss failures due to:
•	Vacuum failure
•	Tumbling due to unusual attitudes
•	Discuss standby vacuum system if available.
•	Discuss pre-flight checks
4.	Magnetic Compass
•	Discuss theory of operation.
•	Explain Magnetic dip and the errors it causes.
•	Explain timed compass turns.
•	Discuss pre-flight checks.
5.	Turn and Slip Indicator/Turn Coordinator.
•	Discuss theory of operation.
•	Horizontal component of lift versus centrifugal force.
•	Explain standard rate turns.
•	Discuss pre-flight checks.
6.	Horizontal Situation Indicator
•	Explain that it’s a combination of the Heading indicator and OBS.
•	Usually the Heading Indicator is slaved to a remote compass; explain slaved and free mode operation.
•	Explain OBS operation.
7.	Tachometer and Manifold Pressure
•	Explain uses
8.	Instrument Groupings
•	Pitch Instruments
•	Altimeter
•	Vertical speed Indicator
•	Attitude Indicator
•	Airspeed Indicator
•	Bank Instruments
•	Heading Indicator (or HSI)
•	Turn Coordinator
•	Attitude Indicator
•	Magnetic Compass
•	Power Instruments
•	Tachometer
•	Manifold Pressure
•	Airspeed Indicator
9.	Post Lesson Debriefing
•	Review the material covered in the class
•	Answer student questions.
•	Ask student questions to evaluate what was learned.
•	Explain what will be covered in the next lesson and assign reading material.
Student Actions:
1.	Pre-lesson briefing
•	Ask for clarification of the lesson objective and outline if necessary.
2.	Instrument explanations
•	Listen attentively.
•	Ask questions.
3.	Post Lesson Debriefing
•	Ask for clarification of anything that is not fully understood.
•	Answer instructors questions to evaluate what was learned.
•	Ask any questions pertaining to the next lesson.
Completion Standards:
This lesson will be completed when the student is able to describe the operation, limitations and use of the flight instruments
Common Errors:
•	None.
References:
•	Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge (AC-61-23C); Chapter 3
•	Instrument Flying Handbook (AC 61-27C); Chapter IV
•	Instrument PTS Area of Operation II, Task B.
Possible Review Questions: